Primary Connections:

Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Framework (2003)
(Massachusetts)

• Geography > The Roots of Western Civilization: Ancient Israel, c. 2000 BC/BCE-70 AD/CE (Grade: 7)
• History and Geography > The Roots of Western Civilization: Ancient Greece, c. 800-300 BC/BCE (Grade: 7)
• History and Civics > The Roots of Western Civilization: Ancient Greece, c. 800-300 BC/BCE (Grade: 7)
• History, Geography, and Economics > The Roots of Western Civilization: Ancient Greece, c. 800-300 BC/BCE (Grade: 7)

MA Science and Technology/Engineering Framework (2006)
(Massachusetts)

• Earth and Space Science > Earth's History (Grade: 6 – 8)
• Earth and Space Science > Earth's History (Grade: 6 – 8)
• Earth and Space Science > Earth's History (Grade: 6 – 8)
• Earth and Space Science > Earth's History (Grade: 3 – 5)
• Life Science (Biology) > Changes in Ecosystems Over Time (Grade: 6 – 8)
• Technology/Engineering > Engineering Design (Grade: 3 – 5)
• Technology/Engineering > Engineering Design (Grade: 6 – 8)
• Technology/Engineering > Communication Technologies (Grade: 6 – 8)

National Science Education Standards (1996)
(National)

• Science as Inquiry > Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry (Grade: 5 – 8)
• Science as Inquiry > Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry (Grade: 5 – 8)
• Science as Inquiry > Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry (Grade: 5 – 8)
• Earth and Space Science > Earth's history (Grade: 5 – 8)

Secondary Connections:

National Science Education Standards (1996)
(National)

• Science in Personal and Social Perspectives > Natural hazards (Grade: 5 – 8)
• Physical Science > Properties and changes of properties in matter (Grade: 5 – 8)
• Science in Personal and Social Perspectives > Characteristics and changes in populations (Grade: K – 4)
• Science in Personal and Social Perspectives > Characteristics and changes in populations (Grade: K – 4)
• Science and Technology > Abilities of technological design (Grade: K – 4)
• Science and Technology > Abilities of technological design (Grade: K – 4)
• Earth and Space Science > Properties of earth materials (Grade: K – 4)
• Physical Science > Properties of objects and materials (Grade: K – 4)
• Science in Personal and Social Perspectives > Science and technology in society (Grade: 5 – 8)

MA Science and Technology/Engineering Framework (2006)
(Massachusetts)

• Technology/Engineering > Communication Technologies (Grade: 6 – 8)
• Technology/Engineering > Engineering Design (Grade: 6 – 8)
• Earth and Space Science > Heat Transfer in the Earth System (Grade: 6 – 8)
• Technology/Engineering > Materials and Tools (Grade: 3 – 5)

Primary Connections:

Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Framework (2003)
(Massachusetts)

• Geography > 7.19 The Roots of Western Civilization: Ancient Israel, c. 2000 BC/BCE-70 AD/CE (Grade: 7)
  On a historical map of the Mediterranean, locate Asia Minor, Greece and Mesopotamia, the kingdoms of the Hittites and ancient Israel, and Egypt. On a modern map, locate Egypt, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the area governed by the Palestinian Authority, Syria, and Turkey.
• History and Geography > 7.24 The Roots of Western Civilization: Ancient Greece, c. 800-300 BC/BCE (Grade: 7)
  On a historical map of the Mediterranean area, locate Greece and trace the extent of its influence to 300 BC/BCE. On a modern map of the Mediterranean area, Europe, England, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent, locate England, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, and other countries in the Balkan peninsula, Crete, Egypt, India, the Middle East, Pakistan, and Turkey.
• History and Civics > 7.26 The Roots of Western Civilization: Ancient Greece, c. 800-300 BC/BCE (Grade: 7)
  Explain why the government of ancient Athens is considered the beginning of democracy and explain the democratic political concepts developed in ancient Greece.
• History, Geography, and Economics > 7.25 The Roots of Western Civilization: Ancient Greece, c. 800-300 BC/BCE (Grade: 7)
  Explain how the geographical location of ancient Athens and other city-states contributed to their role in maritime trade, their colonies in the Mediterranean, and the expansion of their cultural influence.

MA Science and Technology/Engineering Framework (2006)
(Massachusetts)

• Earth and Space Science > 05 Earth's History (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Describe how the movement of the earth's crustal plates causes both slow changes in the earth's surface (e.g., formation of mountains and ocean basins) and rapid ones (e.g., volcanic eruptions and earthquakes).
• Earth and Space Science > 06 Earth's History (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Describe and give examples of ways in which the earth's surface is built up and torn down by natural processes, including deposition of sediments, rock formation, erosion, and weathering.
• Earth and Space Science > 07 Earth's History (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Explain and give examples of how physical evidence, such as fossils and surface features of glaciation, supports theories that the earth has evolved over geologic time.
• Earth and Space Science > 12 Earth's History (Grade: 3 – 5)
  Give examples of how the surface of the earth changes due to slow processes such as erosion and weathering, and rapid processes such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes.
• Life Science (Biology) > 17 Changes in Ecosystems Over Time (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Identify ways in which ecosystems have changed throughout geologic time in response to physical conditions, interactions among organisms, and the actions of humans. Describe how changes may be catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions or ice storms.
• Technology/Engineering > 2.2 Engineering Design (Grade: 3 – 5)
  Describe different ways in which a problem can be represented, e.g., sketches, diagrams, graphic organizers, and lists.
• Technology/Engineering > 2.2 Engineering Design (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Demonstrate methods of representing solutions to a design problem, e.g., sketches, orthographic projections, multiview drawings.
• Technology/Engineering > 3.4 Communication Technologies (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Identify and explain how symbols and icons (e.g., international symbols and graphics) are used to communicate a message.

National Science Education Standards (1996)
(National)

• Science as Inquiry > Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry (Grade: 5 – 8)
  Use appropriate tools and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret data.
• Science as Inquiry > Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry (Grade: 5 – 8)
  Develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models using evidence.
• Science as Inquiry > Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry (Grade: 5 – 8)
  Think critically and logically to make the relationships between evidence and explanations.
• Earth and Space Science > Earth's history (Grade: 5 – 8)
  The earth processes we see today, including erosion, movement of lithospheric plates, and changes in atmospheric composition, are similar to those that occurred in the past. earth history is also influenced by occasional catastrophes, such as the impact of an asteroid or comet.

Secondary Connections:

National Science Education Standards (1996)
(National)

• Science in Personal and Social Perspectives > Natural hazards (Grade: 5 – 8)
  Internal and external processes of the earth system cause natural hazards, events that change or destroy human and wildlife habitats, damage property, and harm or kill humans. Natural hazards include earthquakes, landslides, wildfires, volcanic eruptions, floods, storms, and even possible impacts of asteroids.
• Physical Science > Properties and changes of properties in matter (Grade: 5 – 8)
  A substance has characteristic properties, such as density, a boiling point, and solubility, all of which are independent of the amount of the sample. A mixture of substances often can be separated into the original substances using one or more of the characteristic properties.
• Science in Personal and Social Perspectives > Characteristics and changes in populations (Grade: K – 4)
  The size of a human population can increase or decrease. Populations will increase unless other factors such as disease or famine decrease the population.
• Science in Personal and Social Perspectives > Characteristics and changes in populations (Grade: K – 4)
  Human populations include groups of individuals living in a particular location. One important characteristic of a human population is the population density--the number of individuals of a particular population that lives in a given amount of space.
• Science and Technology > Abilities of technological design (Grade: K – 4)
  Communicate a problem, design, and solution.
• Science and Technology > Abilities of technological design (Grade: K – 4)
  Evaluate a product or design.
• Earth and Space Science > Properties of earth materials (Grade: K – 4)
  Earth materials are solid rocks and soils, water, and the gases of the atmosphere. The varied materials have different physical and chemical properties, which make them useful in different ways, for example, as building materials, as sources of fuel, or for growing the plants we use as food. Earth materials provide many of the resources that humans use.
• Physical Science > Properties of objects and materials (Grade: K – 4)
  Objects are made of one or more materials, such as paper, wood, and metal. Objects can be described by the properties of the materials from which they are made, and those properties can be used to separate or sort a group of objects or materials.
• Science in Personal and Social Perspectives > Science and technology in society (Grade: 5 – 8)
  Societal challenges often inspire questions for scientific research, and social priorities often influence research priorities through the availability of funding for research.

MA Science and Technology/Engineering Framework (2006)
(Massachusetts)

• Technology/Engineering > 3.2 Communication Technologies (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Identify and explain the appropriate tools, machines, and electronic devices (e.g., drawing tools, computer-aided design, and cameras) used to produce and/or reproduce design solutions (e.g., engineering drawings, prototypes, and reports).
• Technology/Engineering > 2.4 Engineering Design (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Identify appropriate materials, tools, and machines needed to construct a prototype of a given engineering design.
• Earth and Space Science > 04 Heat Transfer in the Earth System (Grade: 6 – 8)
  Explain the relationship among the energy provided by the sun, the global patterns of atmospheric movement, and the temperature differences among water, land, and atmosphere.
• Technology/Engineering > 1.2 Materials and Tools (Grade: 3 – 5)
  Identify and explain the appropriate materials and tools (e.g., hammer, screwdriver, pliers, tape measure, screws, nails, and other mechanical fasteners) to construct a given prototype safely.