Museum of Science, Boston

Books for Kids

  • From Wax to Crayon (Start to Finish)
    , by
    Robin Nelson
  • From Wax to Crayon: A Photo Essay
    , by
    Michael H. Forman
  • Wax to Crayon
    , by
    Inez Synder

Contact Us

Contact the Discovery Center and Living Lab staff at livinglab@mos.org

February 2009: Secret Messages

Secret Messages

Many children enjoy participating in art activities, and no wonder — art provides children a means by which to work with their hands and spark their creativity. In the Discovery Center, our goal is to help children become equally as fascinated with the science behind their artistic creations. The Secret Messages activity encourages children to explore the properties of pigments, papers, water and waxes as they try to find the best combination of materials to write, and de-code, their own “invisible” messages.

During this activity, children are challenged to design and conduct mini-experiments to figure out how changing each of three variables - paint color, paper type, and wax type - changes the outcome of their Secret Message. Children also have the opportunity to practice using tools - like paintbrushes and crayons - as they write, mix, paint and blot. Through this activity, children may learn about how to make secondary colors by mixing primary paint colors (red, yellow, and blue) on their paper. The Secret Messages activity also encourages the development of literacy skills, as children practice writing and identifying letters and shapes to create and de-code their messages.

Secret Messages at Home

You can continue your Secret Message explorations at home by

Making Secret Messages at Home

Getting ready

Secret Messages Materials List

  • A variety of white papers (examples include: construction paper, printer paper, drawing paper and coffee filters)
  • Different white or clear waxes (examples include: white crayons, white color pencils, votive candles with wicks removed, white china markers, or bees wax)
  • Watercolor paints (the primary colors—red, yellow, and blue—work great for this experiment, and add to experimentation possibilities)

  • Paintbrushes
  • Creating a Secret Message

  • Choose the paper, wax, and watercolor combination that you want to use to make your Secret Message.
  • Draw or write a Secret Message.
  • Using a paintbrush, gently brush the paint across your Secret Message. A little bit of paint goes a long way!
  • Observe your Secret Message to see if it is revealed.
  • Make another message—this time changing one variable (for example, if you wrote with a crayon on typing paper and used blue paint, now try writing with a votive candle on typing paper and use blue paint again). Compare this second message to your previous one - how did it change?
  • Secret Messages Science

    Exploring the Science behind Secret Messages:

    Secret Messages work because of the interactions between water, wax and paper.

    As the watercolor paints are brushed onto a secret message, the paper absorbs the watercolor because of adhesion (that is, water molecules stick to the fibers of the paper).

    In contrast to the paper, which absorbs water, waxes are made of hydrophobic (“afraid of water”) molecules, which do not like to stick to water molecules. (Oil is also made of hydrophobic molecules, and many people have heard that oil and water do not mix- the same is true of waxes).

    Since the wax and water molecules do not stick together, water beads up on the surface of the wax. The watercolors can not penetrate the wax to get to the paper, so for any part of the paper that is covered with wax, the paper will not be able to absorb the paint.

    These differences in the properties of wax and paper make secret messages possible.

    Questions to think about:

  • Can you see your Secret Message on the paper before using the paint? Why or why not?
  • What happens when you paint over your Secret Message?
  • Which type of paper is best at absorbing the paint?
  • Do all of the waxes repel the watercolors to the same degree?
  • Are any of the paint colors better for showing the Secret Message?
  • Can you think of objects in your home that are made up of wax?